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Monday, April 11, 2011

Setting Up A Wireless Router

!: Setting Up A Wireless Router

Using a wireless router makes computing life much more enjoyable. Why confine yourself to work on the Computer in the same location you took it out of the box? Setting up a wireless router is easy and allows you the freedom to access the Internet, files, Printers, plus much more, from virtually any location in your house or yard. Before you shake your head about setting up a wireless router on your own, trust me, if I can do it, whatever can.

Here are some easy steps for setting up your wireless router.

Select the exact wireless router for your needs.

If you walk into your nearest Best Buy or other Computer store, you will see they have a wide range of routers available. There are basically (3) wireless networking technologies on the store today; 802.11a, 802.11b, and 801.22g. So what are the differences in the middle of these wireless technologies?

802.11a wireless protocol is the oldest version of wireless networking technologies currently available. While you may find 802.11a wireless hardware at discounted prices, I would strongly urge you to avoid them. 802.11a is small in range and capacity versus 802.11b and 802.11g. So why set up your first wireless network with the oldest technology.

802.11b wireless protocol (11Mbs) is by far the most tasteless wireless technology in use today. If you adopt this wireless protocol, you will be fine. But why not start with the latest and greatest wireless protocol currently available?

802.11g is the best wireless technology on the store and all new Computers with built-in wireless cards apply this protocol. 802.11b wireless protocol was superceded by backwards compatible 802.11g (54Mbs). What this means is that if you have an 802.11b card on some of your computing devices, you can use an 802.11g wireless router without the need to replace your wireless card. If you have the option, I would strongly propose purchasing 802.11g cards for your computers as well to get the maximum benefits of this wireless network technology.

Connecting your wireless router

Before starting, be sure you have a paper copy of all instructions or the router by hand in front of you. Sounds simple, I know, but you would be surprised how many citizen neglect this basic step. Ok, let's get started!

The first step will be to power down your Dsl or cable modem. This will be done by unplugging the devices from the electrical outlets.

Next, join together the wireless router to your modem. I would propose retention the length in the middle of the router and modem as close as possible. I have both modem and wireless router setting side by side on my desk.

Included with the wireless router, you should have a short cable. This is your network cable. Plug the network cable into the wireless router in the port labeled Internet, Wan Or Wlan. This designation varies depending on the brand of wireless router you purchased. It does not matter which end of the network cable you join together to the router, since the same type of connector is used on both ends.

Once you have linked the network cable to your wireless router, join together the other end of the cable into your modem. Your modem will only have one port available. You will hear a "click" when a acquire relationship has been established.

You can now re-insert the cable which provides your Internet access back into your Dsl or cable modem.

At this point, you will want to power up your modem. The modem should all the time be powered up first. Allow a few moments for the Internet relationship to synchronize with the modem.

It is now time to configure your wireless router. Temporarily disconnect the network cable from the router and modem. Once you have completed this, join together the network cable to any port on the wireless router not labeled as Internet, Wan Or Wlan. You will probably have at least 4 open ports; any one will do. Next, join together the other end of the network cable to your computer. This may seem confusing, however, you need a direct relationship in the middle of the router and computer to permit configuration.

On your computer, open up an Internet browser and enter the address which corresponds to your exact make of wireless router.

Router Address Username Password

3Com 192.168.1.1 admin admin

D-Link 192.168.0.1 admin

Linksys 192.168.1.1 admin admin

Microsoft Broadband 192.168.2.1 admin admin

Netgear 192.168.0.1 admin password

Once you have entered the address into your browser, you will be prompted to enter a username and password. Reference the chart for your respective information. While in the configuration mode, you will have the selection to turn your password, which I strongly suggest.

Next, you will need to set your network id or Ssid. This name does not have to be lengthy, but choose something that is unique and but easy enough for you to remember.

Protecting your network. You will also have the selection to either acquire your network or leave it "open". By leaving your network "open", whatever within range of your wireless router signal will be able to access your network. If you live in a location in a improvement or apartment, there is a good occasion man will be riding your network..using your Internet access for free and degrading your access quality. It is a good rule of thumb to acquire access to networks and computers whenever possible.

To acquire your network, adopt the Wep tab or option. Wep stands for Wireless Encryption. You will be prompted to enter a password or passphrase. We have already addressed changing your administrator password from the default, so let's move on. Be sure to adopt Apply or Ok after making your selections.

Disconnect the network cable from your computer, and reconnect as before. One end of the network cable goes into the port on the wireless router marked Internet, Wan, or Wlan, and the other end connects to your Dsl or cable modem.

After a few brief moments, an icon should appear on your desktop alerting you a wireless network has been detected. Right click on the icon and adopt "View available Wireless Networks".

If you do not see your network, click on the Refresh button from the menu. Once your network is visible, click on it.

If you have Wep protected your wireless network, you will be prompted to enter your password or passphrase. If you have chosen to leave your network unprotected, you will be cautioned that you are attempting to access an unsecured network. adopt your network and press "Connect".

Article written by Lsg at Lilsurfergirl.com [http://lilsurfergirl.com/2007/11/08/choosing-the-right-laptop/]

Setting Up A Wireless Router

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Thursday, March 31, 2011

Transformer manufacturer

!: Transformer manufacturer

Transformer manufactures are fellowships that invent and contribute power distribution transformers. This may consist of extremely efficient amorphous metal core transformers, box substations, battery chargers, switchgear and connected electrical equipment.

Many of these fellowships will assess any definite personel power requirements and aim to contribute cost efficient and reliable power solutions that work for the buyer and the environment. The equipment they contribute can be new man-made gear or re-engineered gear and will come with prominent manufactures guarantees.

There are many dissimilar types of transformers which are used for a wide range of applications, and some of these are:

o Super low amorphous transformers

o Substations

o Switchgear

o Battery chargers

o Voltage optimisation

o Toroidal transformers

o Step up / Step down transformers

o Tool and Site transformers

Step up & step down auto transformers are small in size and weight and can be legitimately installed into existing equipment or supplied in an enclosure with or without plug, cord and receptacle.

Tool and site transformers are used for power tools, machinery and lighting applications on construction sites; housed in reinforced fibreglass they contribute endurance and security. Tool and site transformers are normally 110v, 230v, and 415v and all conform to the strictest security standards.

For outdoor use waterproof transformers are important and will commonly have an input of 230v and an yield of 12v to 24v. These types of transformers are commonly used for outdoor lighting and powering organery pond pumps.

Transformers are devices that change electrical power from one circuit to someone else circuit. This is achieved by passing the electricity straight through the transformers coils; these coils are referred to as inductively coupled inductors. Most transformers have the coils wound colse to a ferromagnetic core.

Transformers can be man-made in a wide range of sizes. They can be small adequate to fit into a microphone, or they may be extremely large units that weigh hundreds of tons and used to interconnect national power grids.

Although the range of designs and sizes may vary enormously, they all work by the same basic principles.

Transformer manufacturer

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Tuesday, March 22, 2011

Are Wind Turbine Step-Up Transformers the Weak Link in the Wind power supply Chain?

!: Are Wind Turbine Step-Up Transformers the Weak Link in the Wind power supply Chain?

In the rush to cash-in on wind energy, developers are often trading low first costs for higher total costs of possession to be shouldered later by the wind farm owners and operators.

Converting wind power to electrical power is the fastest growing segment of the Us power sector. Today, wind power represents less than 5% of the Us electrical generation and is targeted to reach 20% in the foreseeable future. For this to happen, new sites need to be industrialized in spite of a down turning economy.

Bolstered by ready federal stimulus dollars, we are seeing a virtual modern day 'land-rush'. In the words of one commerce leader, 'if there is a site that has a viable wind profile, entrance to network connections, and entrance for delivery of materials, and we don't manufacture it, some one else will.'

This head long rush to setup more and more wind turbines has outstripped the usual developmental studying curve, where new technologies mature by a process of trial and error, resulting in defining equipment remarkable for the job at hand.

The added economic pressure of today's market has made an already competing market even more demanding. This has, in the view of many commerce insiders, resulted in purchasing decisions for equipment based largely on the lowest introductory cost solutions and not solutions that will contribute the best choice in terms of total cost of ownership, network stability, less down time and lost revenue from high maintenance issues. This is nowhere as apparent as in the Case of Wind Turbine Generator (Wtg) transformers.

Historically this Wtg transformer function has been handled by conventional, 'off the shelf' distribution transformers, but the relatively large numbers of new failures would strongly advise that Wtg transformer designs need to be made substantially more robust. The institution of using approved 'off the shelf' distribution transformers as a low cost solution is folly. In some Cases site operators are maintaining a quantity of spare transformers to combat the frequent outages caused by proper distribution transformers being used where they are not suitable.

The role of the Wind Turbine Generator (Wtg) transformer in this process is primary and, as such, its manufacture needs to be carefully and thoughtfully analyzed and reevaluated.

Transformer Loading:

Wind turbine yield voltages range from 480 volts to 690 volts. The turbine yield is transformed, by the Wtg transformer, to a collector voltage of 13,800 to 46,000 volts. The turbines are highly dependant upon local climatic conditions; and this can succeed in yearly midpoint load factors as low as 35%. The relatively light loading of Wtg transformer has a favorable succeed on insulation life but introduces two unique and functionally primary problems.

The first problem is when lightly loaded or idle, the core losses come to be a more primary economic factor while the coil or winding losses come to be less significant. Typically used price estimation method do not apply to this scenario. Nema Tp1 and Doe efficiencies are not modeled for the operational scenario where midpoint loading is near 30-35% and, consequently, should be cautiously applied when calculating the total cost of possession for Wtg transformers.

The second problem is that the Wtg transformer is subjected to frequent thermal cycling as a function of varying turbine loads. This causes repeated thermal stress on the winding, clamping structure, seals and gaskets. Repeated thermal cycling causes nitrogen gas to be absorbed into the hot oil and then released as the oil cools, forming bubbles within the oil which can migrate into the insulation and windings to create hot spots and partial discharges which can damage insulation. The thermal cycling can also cause accelerated aging of internal and external electrical connections.

Harmonics and Non-Sinusoidal loads:

Wtg transformers are switched with solid state controls to limit the inrush currents. While potentially aiding in the introductory energization, these same electronic controls contribute damaging harmonic voltages that, when coupled with the non-sinusoidal wave forms from the turbines, cannot be ignored from a heating point of view. When a rectifier/chopper law is used, the Wtg transformer must be designed for harmonics similar to rectifier transformers, taking the supplementary loading into consideration as well as providing electrostatic shields to preclude the replacement of harmonic frequencies between the former and secondary windings.

Transformer sizing and voltage variation:

Wtg transformers are designed such that the voltage is matched to the wind turbine's yield voltage exactly. There is no 'designed in' over-voltage capacity to overcome voltage fluctuations which are a frequent problem with wind turbines. At the same time, the generator yield current is Monitored at millisecond intervals and the operational limits allow up to 5% over-current for 10 seconds before it is taken off the system. Therefore, the Wtg transformer is designed to match the generator yield with no overload sizing, and the Wtg transformer manufacture must be uniquely robust to function without it

Requirement to withstand Fault Currents:

Typically, approved distribution transformers, power transformers, and other types of step-up transformers will 'drop out' when subjected to a fault. Once the fault has cleared, the distribution transformer is brought back on-line. Wind turbine generators, on the other hand, in order to enounce network stability are not allowed to disconnect from the law due to network disturbances except within certain guidelines industrialized for generating plants. The length of time the generator is required to stay on line can vary. During this time the generator will continue to deliver an abnormally low voltage to the Wtg transformer. Therefore, During faults, the transformer may be required to carry as low as 15% rated voltage for a few cycles and then ramp back up to full volts a few seconds after fault clearing. The Wtg transformer must be uniquely designed with enough 'ruggedness' to withstand full short circuit current During the introductory few cycles when the maximum mechanical forces are exerted upon the Wtg transformer windings.

Conclusions:

The role of Wtg transformers in today's wind generation task is unique; it's manufacture must be equally unique and robust. Don't trade long term reliability and lower total cost of possession for low introductory cost.